Role and Importance of Children in the Middle Ages

Of all the misconceptions about the Middle Ages, some of the most difficult to overcome involve life for medieval children and their place in society. It is a popular notion that there was no recognition of childhood in medieval society and children were treated like miniature adults as soon as they could walk and talk. However, scholarship on the topic by medievalists provides a different account of children in the Middle Ages. Of course, it is not correct to assume that medieval attitudes were identical or even similar to modern ones. But, it can be argued that childhood was recognized as a phase of life, and one that had value, at that time. Concept of Childhood One of the most frequently mentioned arguments for the non-existence of childhood in the Middle Ages is that representative of children in medieval artwork depicts them in adult clothing. If they wore grown-up clothes, the theory goes, they must have been expected to behave like grown-ups. However, while there certainly isnt a great deal of medieval artwork that depicted children other than the Christ Child, the examples that survive do not universally display them in adult garb. Additionally, medieval laws existed to protect the rights of orphans. For example, in medieval London, laws were careful to place an orphaned child with someone who could not benefit from his or her death. Also, medieval medicine approached the treatment of children separately from adults. In general, children were recognized as vulnerable, and in need of special protection. Concept of Adolescence   The idea that adolescence was not recognized as a category of development separate from both childhood and adulthood is a more subtle distinction. The primary evidence concerning this outlook is the lack of any term for the modern-day word adolescence. If they didnt have a word for it, they didnt comprehend it as a stage in life. This argument also leaves something to be desired, especially as medieval people did not use the terms feudalism or courtly love though those practices definitely existed at the time. Inheritance laws set the age of majority at 21, expecting a certain level of maturity before entrusting a young individual with financial responsibility.   Importance of Children There is a general perception that, in the Middle Ages, children were not valued by their families or by society as a whole. Perhaps no time in history has sentimentalized infants,  toddlers, and waifs as has modern culture, but it doesnt necessarily follow that children were undervalued in earlier times. In part, a lack of representation in medieval popular culture is responsible for this perception. Contemporary chronicles and biographies that include childhood details are few and far between. Literature of the times rarely touched on the heros tender years, and medieval artwork offering visual clues about children other than the Christ Child is almost nonexistent. This lack of representation in and of itself has led some observers to conclude that children were of limited interest, and therefore of limited importance, to medieval society at large. On the other hand, it is important to remember that medieval society was primarily an agrarian one. And the family unit made the agrarian economy work. From an economic standpoint, nothing was more valuable to a peasant family than sons to help with the plowing and daughters to help with the household. To have children were, essentially, one of the primary reason to marry.   Among the nobility, children would perpetuate the family name and increase the familys holdings through advancement in service to their liege lords and through advantageous marriages. Some of these unions were planned while the bride and groom-to-be were still in the cradle. In the face of these  facts,  it is difficult to argue that people of the Middle Ages were any less aware that children were their future then people are aware today that children are the future of the modern world.   Question of Affection Few aspects of life in the  Middle Ages  can be more difficult to determine than the nature and depth of the emotional attachments made among family members. It is perhaps natural for us to assume that in a society that placed a high value on its younger members, most parents loved their children. Biology alone would suggest a bond between a child and the mother who nursed him or her. And yet, it has been theorized that affection was largely lacking in the medieval household. Some of the reasons that have been put forward to support this notion include rampant infanticide, high infant mortality, the use of child labor and extreme discipline.   Further Reading If you are interested in the topic of childhood in medieval times,  Growing Up in Medieval London: The Experience of Childhood in History  by Barbara A. Hanawalt,  Medieval Children  by Nicholas Orme, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages by Joseph Gies and Frances Gies and The Ties that Bound by Barbara Hanawalt may be good reads for you.

Buddhism and Christianity Two Emerging Religions - 909 Words

Due to the emergence of universal religions, a new idea known as syncretism started to emerge. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the idea of syncretism as â€Å"the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought.† (Merriam-Webster) However, in historical term, syncretism is defined as the accepted idea that was believed to enhance people’s willingness to adapt or adopt to a certain religion because of the appealing ideas. During the first millennium C.E, two universal religions, Buddhism and Christianity, primarily spread through the idea of syncretism, although, a secondary factor contributed to the spread of these religions, which were political rulers and religious representatives such as†¦show more content†¦Dropping out of society seemed to clash with filial piety, however, as time passed nomadic leaders started to appeal to Buddhism. For instance, â€Å" As Buddhism traveled, it merged with many non- Buddhist ideas that made the new faith more appealing to China. Regional heroes, mythical characters, and local deities became bodhisattvas, allowing people to continue worshipping the same spirits while adding another dimension to their power.† (Johnson 56) The number of monks started to grow in China and stimulated contact with India and many wanted to acquire Buddhist scriptures. Due to the impact of syncretism, Buddhism was able to have a strong impact in China resulting in many converts and new leaders to spread Buddhism to other countries. However, another religion that was also in its first phases known, as Christianity was a successful universal religion as a result of syncretism. Christianity, a religion known to have established most of the teachings by Jesus spread through the idea of syncretism and the expanding of the church. At the beginning of the millennium, the church had no clergy before, but an organization was developed where there would be a certain numbe r of bishops and clergy including the pope. As a result the diocese formed which was the smallest governing body. After this formation, Christianity started to spread in part of the Church recruiting gifted people who served in the Roman government.Show MoreRelatedInfluence Of Religion On International Trade Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pageseconomy is changing drastically and as a result trade between countries is emerging. International business is constantly growing. Culture has proven to have a huge influence on trade. Religion can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred. Religion is a system that guides people’s behaviors and influence them in the way they interact with other people and the world. 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Business Law Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Law for Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics. Answer: This essay discusses about the implied term in a contract. For the explanation of this term different cases are discussed for better understanding about the implied terms in a contract. Sydney City Council V West (1965): In this case, West had parked his car in a parking council and entered into a contract by get a proper parking ticket from this council. On the back of this ticket it was stated that the parking council will not be liable for any damages and losses related to car. In this ticket, it is also stated that before taking delivery of the car this ticket must be presented. A thief get Wests car by bluffing the employee of car parking by showing a duplicate ticket. Therefore, West sued on that parking council and claimed for return a car or its value in court. In the above case, contract made between a car parking council and West is legally enforceable by law and included implied terms. In this kind of contract, written format of contract is not necessary to make contract enforceable between parties.[1] According to Australian contract law, in a contract implied, terms may be of two types like implied in fact contracts and implied in law contracts. The implied in fact contracts are based on facts of a circumstance and in implied in law contracts one party has the right of compensation for the services provided from other party even if both parties have not any consideration at the time of contract made.[2] If in a contract, any implied term is available than the guarantee is automatically provided by law and the plaintiff may claim for compensation in court from defendant. As same in case of Astley V Austrust Limited (2000), Astley is as senior partner of Solicitor firm and working for Austrust as a legal advisor.[3] Astley was negligent for the legal provision of this trust. Austrust decided to start a new business venture as a trustee. He compromised and become trustee of this business venture and Astley become a retainer to examine the deed of trust. After some time this trust become failed and wounded up with extensive liabilities and trusts assets value. Austrust sued for breach of contract against retainer and claimed in court for relevant losses. In this case, the duty to take care of trust is an implied term for retainers. But court concluded that in this case implied terms are included but here both parties are in negligence and the case was dismissed by law. In case of Sydney City Council V West, it is the liability of car parking council to provide security to its customers car and known as an implied term in a contract. Therefore, West can sue for claim in court and the car parking council is legally bounded to pay the cost of car. Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971): In this case, Thornton as a plaintiff entered into a contract with Shoe Lane Parking Ltd and received a parking ticket from machine. The terms and conditions related to these services are contained on a notice board which was placed near machine. The customers who use the services and take a ticket are bounded by these terms. According to these terms the owner of the car is responsible for any damage related to car. The offer provided by Lane parking was accepted by Thornton and ticket bought from this electronic machine. The words printed on ticket cannot be altered because the contract was already made when ticket bought by Thornton. The plaintiff suffered from personal injury due to fault of defendant. But the defendant deprived that it is not his liability according to displayed clause on notice board near machine. According to law, the implied term in a contract will be voidable if the facts are not reasonable and equitable from both parties.[4] An implied contract will be enforceable by low if the parties are capable to express the terms of the contract. The theory of this law is that No customer in a thousand ever read the conditions. If he had stopped to do so, he would have missed the train or the boat. As well as, in case of Codelfa Construction Ltd V State Rail Authority of NSW (1982), the railway authority gave a tender to Codelfa of tunnel excavate for railway line.[5] The contract was provided to complete all works in 130 weeks. In this contract, Codelfa commenced to work in three shifts in a day and in seven days of a week. Due to vibrant and noisy work local residents and council injected work. Therefore, the work of Codelfa was reduced by this granted injunction and the company started six day working in two shifts of a day. In contract it was a common assumption that the work will not be issue of injunction. So, Codelfa claimed for additional amount from Railway authority for the recovery of lost profits and additional costs which is not being able to work seven days in a week. The court observed that there was not an implied terms in the contract because in an implied contract it is necessary to give efficacy for a valid implied term in contract.[6] In this contract, there was an implied term if the work was restricted by injunction of Railway authority. The contract between these parties is made in written form and accepted by the plaintiff the offer of defendant. In this case, the majority is considered as frustration and the injunction from regional authorities was fundamentally different therefore the sued by Codelfa was voidable by court. From the above discussion it can be analyzed that in case of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, Thornton would not be able to successfully sue for the claim of damages of his car. Because the contract made between Thornton and Shoe Lane parking have not included any clear expression which was reasonable and equitable for both parties. Moreover, the offer was at the notice board at entrance and accepted by Thornton when he entered with a proper ticket to move this car for parking. In this case, there is no any implied term therefore the appeal of Thornton is dismissed by court. Similarities and Differences Between Both Cases: From the above discussion it is analyzed that there are some similarities and differences between both cases. In case of Sydney car parking council and west, the offer was accepted by plaintiff with proper written mutual obligation and competency as well as in case of Thornton and Shoe Lane Parking Ltd. The contract was made in written form with appropriate consideration between both parties in these cases. In these cases both Parking stations was also not liable for any damage of car. On the other hand, differences between these cases are that in case of Sydney Car Council Parking V West, the terms and conditions related to security generated at the time of ticket issued and accepted by West. But in case Of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd all the terms and conditions are displayed on random pillars. Thornton accepts these conditions before he brought ticket for parking. According to law, when the offer is accepted after then new conditions cannot be included in the contract.[7] The refore, in this case the contract not includes any implied terms because the conditions are brought after the offer accepted by Thornton which are not part of the contract. But in case of Sydney City Car Parking V West, all the terms and conditions are brought at the time of ticket issued. Therefore, in this case contract includes some implied terms and the Car Parking Council is liable for any damage of car. In this case, West has the authority to get claim of his lost car from car council but in case of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd Thornton accepts the all term and conditions before ticket issued by machine and the terms printed on back of the ticket are not part of contract. Therefore, legally Thornton cannot get any claim from Car parking station or Shoe Lane Parking Ltd is not liable for the damage of car. Conclusion: From the above discussion it can be concluded that consumer guarantees will automatically apply of any extended warranty by the service provider. According to Australian consumer law the service provider to consumers must comply for consumer guarantees. If the service provider fails to comply of guarantee in relation to a description applied on the service on behalf of service provider or implied consent of the service provider than the service provider will be liable to indemnify the loss of the customer. In the case of Sydney City Council V West, the council was the service provider and liable for any damage of consumers car because according to Australian consumer law, it was the liability of service provider to provide better services to its customers with security. But in case of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, the service provider was not liable for any damage because the customer accepted all conditions before getting service from the service provider. References: Backer, Rechard, Implied Terms in English Contract Law (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011). Spark, Gareth,Vitiation of Contracts (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Robert, Mac, MacRoberts on Scottish Construction Contracts (John Wiley Sons, 2014). Linas, Fabien, Trade Usages and Implied Terms in the Age of Arbitration (Oxford University Press, 2016). James, Spigelman, "Contractual Interpretation: A Comparative Perspective (2011) 85(5)."Australian Law Journal 412. Dimatteo, Larry, et al, Commercial Contract Law: Transatlantic Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Townsend, Ruth and Luck, Morgan, Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics: Australia and New Zealand (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012).

Winter Days free essay sample

The 2 steps of teaching a 3 year old how to ski is teach them Pizza and French Fries. Then it moves to the turning by moving the knees. My winter days consist of watching kids go down a mountain. It makes my day happy and unforgettable because I’m with co-workers and supervisors that are my friends that act like my family. The best thing about my job is the kids, just seeing and watching their faces turn from scared to having fun makes my day. During school I have to deal with the drama of my classmates, but when I’m in the work area I toss those thoughts aside and focus on my talents. The people at my workplace all have different identities, but we all have something in common. We all love what we do. We have regular lessons, children lessons, or snowboard lessons. I, of course, work with children because I love how they show smiles and their laughter to you when they are having fun. We will write a custom essay sample on Winter Days or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People say that I work well with kids because I have a personality that is just like a kid: playful, excitement, and imaginative. My supervisor always picks me to do the lesson because as a person he knows that I am more entertaining and fun than all the other instructors. Even though the job is fun, it does get tiring after a while, but it’s worth it in the end. It was good to apple for this job because you have somewhat of an advantage with dealing and also teaching yourself how to handle kids from different ages. It makes it worth it to have this job because you can have more experience when you are older by having an early advantage. But there are also some difficult cases where a child is scared or doesnt listen. Sometimes it is hard and scary for 3 or 6 year olds to ski. Especially when they are fragile and can break their bonesOne day there was this girl who was about 4 years old and she hasnt been on skis before. My supervisor called me over since the little girl wanted a girl instructor. I got down to her level as I knew she was somewhat shy because she wouldnt look at me in the eye for a while. She was scared because she thought that we would just let her go and get hurt but I wouldnt let that happen. I know how to deal because I’m used to these kinds of kids. The girl was still scared but she got easier to work with from time to time. You just have to go slow with it and not rush. One of the weekends we were teaching, I was with a group of five children. The kids all knew how to ski on Big Magic, which is what we call â€Å"the 2nd level†. We were done with the lesson when my supervisor called for me to come to lineup on the radio. I got all the parents to their children as I made my way to lineup. I came up to my supervisor and he spoke, â€Å"Emily, these people said they had you two years ago when you taught their son† I remembered the faces and I still know the son’s name. I was amazed that they remembered me even though they hadn’t been to the mountain for two years. Teaching kids how to ski is a talent my family members have inside of us. My sister and brother had this job also but they were different instructors. This kind of talent is something that will make me more intelligent and more responsible in the future. With this kind of experience that I had for at least three going on four years, I believe that I am capable of having the challenge for taking care of kids in the future. I always put on a smile whenever I’m teaching kids and when I’m talking to customers that are having trouble finding their way. I am helpful to anyone who is in need of help.

Jack Greenberg, Inc Essays

Jack Greenberg, Inc Essays Jack Greenberg, Inc Paper Jack Greenberg, Inc Paper 1. Some important audit risk factors related to family-owned businesses would be preparing the next generation of leadership, managing expenses and remaining competitive, and the fight against technological changes. To lower these risk factors, auditors should be very skeptical about their client’s intentions. For example, when a client is not willing to update their system in order to produce more accurate records. All of these factors took a role in Fred Greenberg’s fraud; Jack’s health took a toll and he had to place his sons in charge of the company before they were ready, then the company encountered some hard times and Fred committed fraud to hide it from his family to prevent his dad’s health from deteriorating any farther, and lastly, Fred refused to use technology to help with accounting because he was trying to hide his fraud. 2. A) The Prepaid Inventory account’s audit objectives are to ensure all inventory in this account has not been received and is accounted for correctly. To do this they could have checked Form 9540-1 or called vendors to confirm inventory delivery dates or that inventory hadn’t been delivered yet. B) The Merchandise Inventory account’s audit objective would be to ensure the amount of inventory listed on the balance sheet is the correct amount. To do this they could complete a physical count. 3. It was a poor choice to rely heavily on JGI’s delivery receipts when auditing the company’s prepaid inventory because they were prepared internally. A better procedure would have been to audit the prepaid inventory account based off Form 9540-1. Documents that are prepared internally have a higher chance of being falsified compared to externally prepared client documents. 4. A walk-through test that is used during an audit shows the path a transaction takes through the accounting system from start to finish to get an understanding for how reliable the company’s accounting system is. According to PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 2 Appendix E Number 57, performing â€Å"walkthroughs† are not optional under the standard’s directions. 5. One audit procedure that could have helped Grant Thornton discover fraud with JGI’s delivery receipts would have been confirmation. If Thornton’s associates called all the vendors that sold JGI inventory on their prepaid inventory list and asked if the inventory had been delivered yet, they would have found out that some of the inventory in the prepaid inventory account was also in merchandise inventory account. Another procedure that could have helped catch the fraud would be inspecting internal and external documents and comparing them to each other. 6. Once an audit firm informs client management of important internal control weaknesses, I don’t believe the audit firm has a responsibility to insist that client management correct the problems unless it is preventing the auditor from getting the necessary information needed to perform the audit. It’s the auditor’s duty to ensure that financial data is reported correctly with the standards, not to set up internal controls.

The settling of America essays

The settling of America essays The settling of America began with an idea, the idea that people could join together and agree to govern themselves by making laws for the common good. They desired a place where men and women of deep religious convictions could come and practice their faith freely; a place where you could fulfill the desire to expand lands and produce great riches. The idea of a clean slate, religious freedom, self-government, and dreams of great riches only whetted the Englishs appetites. They wanted to set forth and start anew. The enclosure movement was the cause of one of the greatest changes in the landscape of rural England. Landlords were enclosing croplands for sheep grazing, forcing many small farmers to move off the land. Then the economic depression hit the woolen trade and farmers had to make a new life as beggars. But word on the street was that the New World had opportunities of great riches. This caused the farmers to immigrate to the New World. These farmers were forced to start a new life, and America seemed to give the open opportunity to do so. Protestant England was still persecuting Roman Catholics among numerous discriminations, such as a couple seeking to get married could not be legally united by a Catholic priest. The Founders of the American nation wanted to define the role of religious faith in public life. Religious discriminations evoked many Catholics to come to the Americas. Here they could create a haven where they could get away from such discriminations. Maryland was one colony that was created as a refuge for Catholics. Many other colonies were created for the sole purpose of religious freedom, not just for Catholics, but for any religion. In the New World the colonies started under the direct supervision of the Crown, but were private projects with little supervision by the English. Political and social awareness increased and the need for government and leadership were more defined. Civil disorder w...

Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics Paper - Essay Example Many people rudely refer to this disability as retardness. People also have the tendency to discriminate those that they feel to be different from them (Anon, 2013). It is important to pay attention to mental disability as one of the many types of disabilities present in the school system alongside other disabilities in identifying how to school counselors help these students. Poor performance is one of the vast amounts of negative attributes that students may develop while in the school system and it is important to recognize that in some situations, it is deemed as a disability that some kids are born with. It is imperative to understand that the treatment for these behaviors varies over a wide range. However, prescription medication should come as the last way to solve this menace. The most important aspect is for the school counselor to understand reasons the student behaves in a particular nature and what are the present optimal means for the resolution of the problem. One of th e best ways to resolve this problem is through the application of cognitive counseling where the school counselor has the student undergoing various general tests to identify the cause of the disability and figure out how to assist the student to deal with it effectively (Jackson, 2012). In the school environment, it is important to understand that the counselor uses various means to understand the thinking of a student and it is also important to understand that most students are shy and thus do not associate well with teachers in order to improve their learning. It is vital to go through an example whereby in this case there is the school counselor, Richard having an interaction with a troubled student who has mental disability. The student does not perform well in class and is also poor in socializing. In the year 2002, the ASCA released a model framework for school programs such as the school disability act to ensure that school counselors do their best in counseling. Under FERP A, the US Department of Education also released regulations that are important for protecting the students’ confidentiality (FERPA, 2011). The manner in which the framework would work is by ensuring the presence of award ceremonies that would offer gifts and acknowledgements to institutions that had the highest number of positive resolved cases with regard to assisting students with disabilities. This is one way through which ASCA has assisted in dealing with disabilities through school counselors (Stone, 2009) Credibility is alleged by the student through the counselor's ability to be well informed about what the client or patient is facing, and by their enthusiasm to tell their knowledge and information to the patient or client. School counselors employ various mechanisms to deal with disability in the school system. One is reliability. Regardless of the type of disability that a student has, the school counselor has the responsibility of showing reliability through compass ion to the disabled students and acting in a dependable manner towards them. This consideration should be made for all children, including those with disabilities and whose parents have concerns that are unique to their disabilities (Taub, 2006). There is the counselor's motivation and objectives. The student counselor should ensure that he sets out his objectives and

Steps you can take to make online system safe for customers Research Paper

Steps you can take to make online system safe for customers - Research Paper Example The sectors which were highly benefitted with the advancement of technology include healthcare, education, communication and retail business. In spite of having so many positive elements, technology still suffers from certain flaw which involves too much dependency on technology which in turn lessens the value of human labors. However, the biggest disadvantage of technology that has become a topic of discussion these days refers to the security threats faced by the users of the advanced technologies. We shall discuss further how to overcome these threats from the viewpoint of an IT manager of an organization. Steps to ensure secured online transaction for the customers According to the Computer Crime and Security Survey of 2009- 2010, Malware infection was regarded as the most common type of security attack, with almost 67.1% people reporting it. Also around 45.6% of the people reported that they had been the target of at least one security threat. Many had faced financial losses due to poor security system and therefore they didn’t mention the amount of loss they had suffered. These incidents however make the general people aware as well as lose confidence in the benefits of online business opportunities. The various business organizations are continuously making efforts to make the customers feel secured from the potential threats that might arise from cyber crimes. For this purpose, the organizations have taken several steps which are inevitably influenced by the guidelines of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The steps include- 1. Accountability- The first and foremost step towards a secured technology structure would involve the accountability of the providers, owners and customers towards the security of the system. Anything doubtful should be immediately communicated. 2. Awareness- In order to encourage increased and safe usage of technology, its expected from the owners, customers and service providers that they shoul d be informed and aware about the existence and limit of security measures available in an organization. They should be alert while using their accounts and should not forget to sign out each time after their work is done. 3. Ethics- The owners of the organizations as well as the service providers should follow an ethical code of conduct in which, if a customer is found unaware of the technology threats, they should be taken proper care of by guiding them throughout the entire procedure. 4. Multidisciplinary- The security measures should be formed keeping in consideration the fields of law, society, technology, education, administration and politics, so that the system becomes safe in all terms letting the customers to trust the organization with confidence. (Loader and Thomas, 1) 5. Timeliness- When the customer finds anything suspicious, then, their issues need to be addressed instantly. Delay and negligence might cause the cyber crime to take place and then the customer would nev er trust online transaction any more. 6. Antivirus software- The system of the organization should be secured with the implementation of software that detects potential threats including virus, spam and firewall. 7. Encryption of software- Encryption is the process of specially encoding the data in a system which is impossible to access without the exact key or code. This can be done with the appointment of expert software professionals. An encrypted

The Right Marketing Communication Mix That Can Help L’oreal Essay Example for Free

The Right Marketing Communication Mix That Can Help L’oreal Essay Title of Project: The right Marketing Communication Mix that can help L’Oreal increase its Shampoo Market Share in the rural market. Abstract of the Study (500 words): This paper aims at devising the right kind of Marketing Communication Mix for L’Oreal, that can help it to increase its market share in the rural market, both effectively and efficiently. L’Oreal Group is the world’s largest cosmetics and beauty Company. Its headquarters are located Paris suburb of Clichy, France. It entered India in 1997, at a time when there was no proper hair care facility there. They have their salons located in the top 100 cities of India, of which 20% contribute to 40% of their total revenue. Their policy is to provide the best quality and experience to the customer, without reducing price ever. But with the saturation of urban market, the emergence of the rural market and increasing cut-throat competition from other cosmetics and beauty giants, L’Oreal will have to take a step into the rural market, in order to increase its market share in India as a whole. Its market share, reported as of now, is 41.5 per cent share of the market in India for hair conditioner, around 20 per cent for hair coloring products, and 6.5 per cent and 4.6 per cent for the skincare and shampoo markets respectively. It is also the leading player in the salon products sector. The rural market is gaining importance day by day. Over 70% India’s one billion plus population lives in around 627,000 villages in rural areas and its growth rate is still high. With a simultaneous increase in the purchasing power of the rural people, as a result of increased income, there has been an increase in demand of cosmetics and other beauty products. It has been termed as the â€Å"woken-up sleeping giant† by many MNCs and they would do well than to ignore it completely, lest they get overwhelmed by competition. In such cases, L’Oreal has no choice, but to establish itself in the Indian rural market as well. As of now HUL holds the largest market share in shampoo in India at 43 percent or Rs 1720 crore, while L’Oreal stands in the 5th position at 4 percent market share or Rs 160 crore in shampoo in India; the total shampoo market share in India being Rs 4000 crore. Thus, this paper aims at laying down the customer preference, awareness and reasons for their choosing other shampoo brands over L’Oreal’s, and accordingly devising the right Marketing Communication Mix to help it increase its market share in the Indian Shampoo Market. Research Questions: Which is the marketing communication that best affects the consumer buying behavior? (Perishable goods) Why some companies fail and some company’s success in rural market arena? Research Methodology: Primary method of data collection will be undertaken like Survey Research Design, as a well as some secondary method of data collection too. Issues Faced Till Now: Whether or not to follow the Experimental Research Design supplementing the survey to be undertaken. Date of Submission final project: 11th November (tentative)

Gender Differences and Identities Essay -- Gender Sex Boys Girls Compa

Gender Differences and Identities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While physical characteristics may clearly define one’s gender, race, or even social status, it is often one significant moment in one’s life when their gender is truly decided. The first five years of my life consisted of my younger sister and I imitating our mother, playing with dolls, and dressing each other up. As my sister was the main person that I played with, gender never really crossed my mind. Even when I started preschool and kindergarten, boys were not boys to me; they were simply new friends and more people to play with. At that moment in my life, I was just Jackie Goldsmith, I stood in the â€Å"girls’ lines† at school, and wore pink dresses and ribbons in my hair to church on Sunday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking back now, I can specifically remember when this so-called reality I had as a young child, changed drastically. It all happened when I was six years old; my little brother was born. I didn’t realize the difference until he was almost a year old, but his birth, my mom having a boy instead of a girl, definitely helped form who I am today. His birth was ultimately the alter of my whole reality as I had previously known it. There are plenty moments that I can look back on during this time, and realize how each aided in forcing my gender upon me. My parent’s followed many of the social norms when it comes to boys and girls. Even at age six I noticed that they dressed my brother differently than they did when my younger sister and I were his age. I even noticed that they had a different tone of voice when they spoke to him; it was nothing at all like the little baby voice that I remembered them using when my little sister was a few months old. You k now, the voice that we as toddlers would normally get in trouble for using because we weren’t babies anymore. While I could pick out all of these little differences, I wasn’t exactly sure why they were the way they were until a few months later. One evening, around the time in my brothers life when he had finally learned to walk, a few relatives were over visiting and just having a good time. My parents and relatives were talking and admiring my baby brother Mike, and my sister and I played with dolls in the corner. As they were talking, I remember my Uncle saying something like, â€Å"He’s getting big, you think he will grow up and be a football player like we use to be?† I ... ...tivities that I chose to do, I slowly began to fall into place, on my own. I believe that its very important for parents to be open minded when it comes to gender. Looking back at my own situation, my parents followed the norms in the beginning and forced me into a realization that I wasn’t ready for. Therefore, as a young child, I did the only thing I could and rebelled. However, as they began to change and let me make my own decisions I got right back on track. I grew into a woman, and the previous experience helped me become my own person. Because of my father, I was determined to be my own individual, an independent and powerful woman. That was my number one priority growing up and I contribute a lot of my later success to that previous attitude. Growing up a female has been quite an experience. While in my younger years I felt as if my gender was somewhat pre-determined for me, I soon fell into the natural groove of being a female. I am not only comfortable in my own skin now, but I am proud to be a woman. My family is very supportive of all my decisions regardless of gender and they make me feel that I have the ability and power to do anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Divine Comedy and Dante

Dante Alighieri’s â€Å"The Divine Comedy† is a poem written in first person that tells of Dante’s altered-ego pilgrimage through the three realms of death, Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise while trying to reach spiritual maturity and an understanding of God’s love while attaining salvation. Dante creates an imaginative correspondence between a soul’s sin on Earth and the punishment one receives in Hell. â€Å"In the middle of the journey of our life I came to myself in a dark wood where the straightway was lost. (Canto I, pg. 11). Throughout â€Å"The Divine Comedy†, this is the only reference Dante, in my opinion, is referring to that â€Å"dark place† we all find ourselves in at some point in time in our own life. I, as Dante’s Pilgrim, have found myself in this â€Å"dark place† or â€Å"dark wood† once I lost sight of the â€Å"beaten path† or â€Å"where the straightway was lost† that I was travel ling (life). But, it was during this time that I was lost that I not only found myself, but most importantly, I found my soul. I found the straightway path to my soul while in the dark wood. It is at this dark place or dark wood, that one begins not only to search for answers to one’s sin but to seek answers to the questions of the heart and mind. It is here, of the straightway lost, where the heart and mind no longer struggle for right vs. wrong but to harvest peace. Peace within one’s soul. The peace of one’s soul is born once the heart and mind become one and with this peace one will continue to search for God’s salvation just as Dante’s Pilgrim. The path to Paradise begins in Hell. † (Dante – The Divine Comedy. When Dante enters Hell on Good Friday, he reads the following posted above the gates of Hell as he is about to enter (Canto III, line 9): â€Å"Abandon all hope ye who enter here†. To leave Hell, Dante and his self-ego, must go through all nine circles of Hell, the deeper the circle, the more grave the sin and the sin’s punishment. The gravest punishment is that no one cares nor will help another while in Hell. Dante recognizes that those in Hell have chosen to be in Hell by their own choice but most importantly Dante learns to recognize and detest man’s sinful nature and the power of evil, and the need to guard against it. Hell has no hope. At times, it seems, more often than enough, that both the world and society are becoming increasingly hopeless. To lose hope is to lose life. To lose life is to gain Hell. Living is caring and hoping for the well being of man for today and for days to follow. In the Divine Comedy, to leave Hell, one must go through nine circles of Hell. But, for us, are the nine circles of hell the nine hours in the day that we inject ourselves into society? At the end of every day, do we journey through nine circles of Hell? Do we abandon all hope as we enter the day? â€Å"The path to Paradise begins in Hell. † If this is to be true, then tomorrow may I awake in Paradise.

Critical Review: the Talent Code Essay

TalentCode:CarvingtheStatueofDavid Review:Coyle,Daniel(2009)TheTalentCode:Greatnessisn’tborn,it’sGrown.Excerpts fromChapter1-TheSweetSpot Whether talent is born or acquired is a hotly debatedtopic,notonlyamongstpsychologistbut also common people. In daily life we can observe that some people are admirably good at sometaskwhiletheothersarenot.Somepeoplearegoodatsinging,cooking,playingchessor hatsoever,whereas,therearealsopeoplewhoappeartobegoodatnothing.Butisthisso?Is alenttransferredfromgenerationtogenerationgeneticallyorgifttothechosenonesfromthe Divineprovidence?DanielCoyle,theauthorofthebookTheTalentCode:Greatnessisn’tborn, itsGrown,mayhaveanswerstomanyofourquestions. Inhisbook,Coylearguesthatnaturaltalentisameremyth.Weallcanacquireanytalent,ifwe know how. A skill is chiseled by a rhythmic pattern of failure and success, leading to the correction of errors. Here the author gives the example of Brunio from Brazil, who practiced football freestyle tricks, encoun tered failure and then, learns to perform the elastico trick. Similar was the case with Jennie from Dallas, who learned to sing after following thesimilar rhythmicpattern(seep.13) Throughoutthechapter,theauthorwhohimselfwasasportsenthusiast,emphasizedthetalent ofBrazilianplayers.Besidestraining,theauthoralsohighlightsotherfavorablefactorsthrough which we conventionally attribute the such high concentration of talented people such as climate,diversepopulation,theurgeforgreatnessandthedesiretoescapepovertythroughthis beautifulgame.TheauthorclaimstohavefoundanothersecretweaponoftheBrazilianplayers. On page 16, he presents an activity comprised of twocolumns.Onecontainingfullyspelled pairofwordsandthewordsinothercolumnshadtheirvowelsmissing(however,youcouldstill guess the whole word). We

Social Networking Essay Example

Social Networking Essay Example Social Networking Essay Social Networking Essay Benefits of Online Social Networking While there are risks inherent in online social networking, there are also many potential benefits. Social networking can provide opportunities for new relationships as well as strengthening existing relationships, whether your kids friends are close to home or across the world. Its important to be vigilant when your kids are getting involved in online social networking, but its also good to encourage positive relationships through various avenues, including the Internet. Real-Life Benefits of Online Social Networking Kids can gain social confidence from interacting with other people online, which may help them feel more secure in new situations, such as going to college, Joining a sports team, and meeting new friends. Because social networking†like everything else online†is constantly evolving, kids can become more familiar with new and emerging technologies, as well as increase their media literacy through exposure to many different types of online media that are shared by their friends. Many kids find support in online communities; this is especially true for kids who have unique nterests or feel isolated. Encourage your child to find other kids who are interested in the same thing or may be dealing with similar issues. Online communities can be very diverse and expose your child to many new viewpoints, ideas, and opinions that she may not be familiar with. Kids tend to use social networking to augment† not replace†their real-world relationships, helping them learn to communicate in many different ways. Social networking is becoming an increasingly important method of communicating in schools and the workplace, so its good for your child to e prepared to communicate through sites like Facebook and LinkedIn. Keeping in touch with family members that live far away can become much easier through the use of online social networking. By sharing updates, photos, videos, and messages, family members can stay connected even if the live across the country†or the world. Social Networking in Schools Social networking is becoming increasingly important in schools†Facebook, Moodle, SecondLife, Digg, and other sites are often used by teachers to communicate with students or for out-of-classroom discussions. Youth can further explore opics that theyre interested in through online social networking. By making connections with other people who have the same interest, kids can learn and exchange knowledge with others they may not have had the opportunity to interact with. Teachers often take advantage of students social networking abilities to create class blogs, discussion forums, videos, and more. By collaborating with other students and teachers through online social networking, children are able to build stronger school communities. A social networking site can be a good way to make connections with people with imilar interests and goals. They can be a way to connect with or meet people that a student may not have had the opportunity to beforeâ € including other students, staff, faculty and even alumni. Thanks to social networking sites, meeting someone Making friends and renewing old ones is easy. Thus, meeting people and staying connected with classmates and friends is a major benefit of social networking sites. Social networking sites offers campus surveys, party or event listings and other information that communicates the pulse of a campus culture. Therefore, they can e a great way to understand and stay connected to your campus community as a whole. Some social networking sites offer advertising to its subscribers. Whether a student creates a party for an upcoming event or pays the $5 for 10,000 hits for an ad, Facebook is a great way to advertise as a student organization, club, Greek chapter, team, etc. Most importantly, social networking sites offers students the opportunity to create a positive self-image. The profiles gives you a chance to create the image of themselves that you want people to see by putting you best qualities out there. This shows that you care about you reputation and (to a certain extent) what people think about you†whether its you peers, University faculty and administrators, or future employers. How to Stay Safe: Evaluate your social networking account and postings†how do you feel about your employers seeing what you have posted? How about your parents or grandparents? Do not post private information, including your cell phone number, home address, class schedule, social plans, etc. unless you are prepared for anyone to find you/track you down, any time of the day or night. Do not post anything that might be embarrasing to you in a potential employment situation. People have been denied work because of information found on social networking sites. Utilize the Privacy settings on your Facebook account†you can adjust your privacy settings so as to control who has access to your personal information. Google your name to see how your name or identity is being used. Search for your name on sites like Whitepages and SuperPages. If you want to remove your listing, look for relevant links usually towards the bottom of the page. Be prepared to answer questions about y our social etworking page or other social account in Job interviews. It has become common for interviewers to ask applicants, Are you on a social networking site? and What is on your profile? Be prepared to either decline the question or answer honestly because employers will most likely look at your social networking account themselves if they havent already. Social networking is a recent invention that has the Internet still at the edge of its seat due to its popularity with people. This is mostly because it really is for the people. Bringing every kind of social group together in one place and letting hem interact is really a big thing indeed. Everything about it lies on the advantages and disadvantages of social networking, and what it can do for you. Low Costs: Definitely, its cheaper to use online social networking for both personal and business use because most of it is usually free. While personal use is rather simple for anyone, the business functions are underestimated by many. In a social networking site, you can scout out potential customers and target markets with Just a few clicks and keystrokes, adding a boost to your usual advertisements and promotional strategies. It lets you learn about their likes and dislikes, which is tremendous. If you want to fine tune your business, then this is the way to go, whether on a budget or not. Builds Credibility: You definitely can gain the customers confidence if you can connect to them on both a personal and professional level. Despite having to do a bit of work, it products or services. As long as you dont pursue them too aggressively, you will do well here. Connections: You are friends with people who have other friends, and so on. There is potential in such a common situation. By using a social networking site, you can do what you can and get connected with these people to form a web of connections that can give you leverage if you play your cards right. As long as you give as well as you recieve, then they will most likely stick with Now there is something to really think about. Nothing is without a blemish, but those of this type of networking shouldnt really be that much of a concern regarding your safety. As long as you go along without making big mistakes, then it is all good. You can take advantage of the Internet phenomenon that continues up to this day.

Women In the Middle East essays

Women In the Middle East essays Even with the evolutionary changes within our society, women in the Middle East are still being discriminated against. Islamic views in the Middle East are the fundamental cause of the repression of women there, and remain the major obstacle to the evolution of their position. Women in this region of the world have no marital rights, are unjustly punished in comparison to men, and have a very strict dress code. In the Middle East women are denied the same martial rights as men. They are prohibited from getting a divorce, while men are free to divorce and remarry as they wish. Also women must be submissive to their husbands, because their husbands have total legal control over them. Men have control and ownership over all possessions, while women do not have any of these rights within a marriage. As well, women must seek permission from their husbands to see their parents, yet men are free to see their parents as they wish. In this region of the world women are unjustly punished in comparison to men. If a woman becomes pregnant after being raped, she could be stoned or caned to death. All that is needed for this stoning or caning to happen is a testimony of one male witness. While if a man commits adultery, there needs to be four male witnesses to the incident before the man can be punished. Also if a woman is considered to dishonor her family, they may beat or even kill her, and not be in any fear of being punished. Women in the Middle East are shackled by a very severe dress code. They must be covered head to toe in a garment called a burqu. This is a dark colored garment covering the whole body with just a hole for the eyes. This lack of choice in clothing diminishes any thought of individuality. Without individuality there will come no change, because there will be a fear of stepping out of the comfort of blending in with the rest. The burqu attacks these womens strive for self-confidence. Being caged under such a ...

Performance Review Takes a Page from Facebook Research Paper - 1

Performance Review Takes a Page from Facebook - Research Paper Example It is true that social media has found massive inroads in the lives of many but delegating such an important task to informal social media conversation is not only time consuming but might also be ineffective. Formal performance evaluation not only tells people where they stand but also provides guidance as to how to increase performance in future. There are other important elements of performance feedback and evaluation as well like anonymity which might not be fulfilled through regular conversation. It is therefore safe to disagree with the statement that regular conversation eliminates the need for formal performance evaluations. Regular conversation is important in today’s society and people should have a forum where they can voice their concerns and can get help. There is no doubt in the efficacy of making regular conversations with employees but the purpose of formalized performance evaluation is to informs employees about their performance for a time period. Regular conversations might not fulfill this purpose because performance evaluation should be spaced accurately so that employees have a chance to show improvements. Performance evaluations cannot be taken every month and week, and this is why formal performance evaluation and feedback is important. In different age groups performance feedback effectiveness through social networks will be very different from each other. For example for veterans such a method might not work at all because they are not very technology friendly (Jeffries, 2007). They might be more comfortable with face to face performance evaluation or paper based evaluations. Baby boomers might also not as comfortable with technology as other younger age groups (Perez, 2009), and therefore they might also not prefer such system of performance evaluations. Other age groups like Generation X and generation Y might be more comfortable with performance evaluations done through social media. This is because of their

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 54

Art - Essay Example The back colors in the paintings acted as background for all the customers but not for the seller in the restaurant. The customer who is isolated from the rest is at the precise centre of the frame-within-frame (that can be said to be the real centre of the entire painting). Despite the fact that they sit around the bended counter, couple’s heads are painted directly to his right in order for the horizontal line drawn halfway between the bottom and the top of the canvas would cut all the three heads. The painter was keen in presenting the whole human element in his painting to be contained within the lower right-hand quarter of the canvas. It is vividly clear that the painter used ‘a bit of bright’ ceiling in his painting near to hidden fluorescent light that illustrates the interior. The ceiling is of limited importance to any narrative that might be showing up among customers below which depicts that the painter’s realism in these paintings. In addition, outside the dinner, dull colors are dominant as might be expect during the night. In the interior, the men’s suits and counter tops are also dull not bright as the ceilings. The painter was interested in capturing the effect of light on the subjects and objects it tou ched. In addition, he was inspired by the nighttime effect of artificial and manmade light spilling out doorways, windows and porches. In the paintings, the painter captured the might-time effect of light. The darkness depicted in this painting is not just from the night. There is psychological darkness revealed in this painting in that customers seem frozen and deep in thoughts. These customers are physically close but they are detached emotionally. It can be noticed that they are separate from one another thus leaving the viewer with questions. For instance, it can be asked what are they doing at the restaurant at night or what are they

Directing Melodrama. Specifically. The Play Lady Audley's Secret Research Proposal

Directing Melodrama. Specifically. The Play Lady Audley's Secret - Research Proposal Example But when her real face is disclosed before the audience it is an unexpected shock for them. This novel was later converted into drama by many playwrights. This is a typical melodrama and while converting it into the play the director should adapt the story according to the requirement of the features of melodrama and for that he has to have the knowledge of the genre called melodrama. I have already mentioned above that this novel is a subtle. It is so because it includes an appalling conspiracy orchestrated by a very innocent looking Victorian lady. This conspiracy is both hidden and injurious. It is a subtle novel also because it is difficult to understand the psyche of the protagonist. Her character is complex to analyze. She is villainess but we cannot deny the fact that her circumstance has made her to be villainess. The term sensation novel was widely practiced in the 1860. The term was basically used for the fictions written with surprise and shock. The term can be traced back to the novel Dion Boucicault by Colleen Bawn. It was literally stuffing middle class audience into the Adelphi Theatre in 1860. This novel was full of mystery, action, and emotions which are the special characteristics of the melodrama. Many of these features of the melodrama passed into the sensational novels, like Wilkie Collins’ â€Å"The woman in white† (1860), Dickens â€Å"Great Expectations† (1860-61), and Mary Elizabeth Braddons â€Å"Lady Audley’s Secret.† The plays were adapted from this novel by many playwrights. Among them are George Robert (1863), William Suiter(1863), Tom Taylor (1865), Henry Dunbar (America, 1866), There are ten major characters which include Lady Audley, Sir Michael Audley, Robert Audley (his nephew), George Talboys, Luke Marks, Bibbles, Alicia (Sir Michael’s daughter), Phoebe Marks, and a servant Martin. The stage version of this novel is quite different where the protagonist, Lucy

The Implications of Spanish Essay Example for Free

The Implications of Spanish Essay The United States is the world’s fourth largest Spanish-speaking country. This ranking should not come as a surprise to anyone. According to Renan Alemendarez Coello (qtd. in Hochmuth), it is not that hard to find someone who speaks either limited English or no English at all on the street today. Indeed, recent demographic studies and observations that have been made by researchers have implied that Spanish is the second most widely used language in the country, next to English. This is because as of the year 2000, Mexican immigrants make up 27. 6% of the total foreign-born U. S. population with another 5 million immigrants coming from other Spanish-speaking nations and countless of unaccounted illegal migrants entering the country in the U. S. – Mexico border and Americans learning Spanish through formal education (Carreira 334; Lipski 14; Huntington 26; U. S. English Foundation 15). In certain and territories of the country such as Miami and Puerto Rico, Spanish has become the primary language used not just in homes, but in business and politics (Castro; Lipski 29-31). In fact, in the 1984 national elections Jones had reported to Senator Quentin N. Burdick that in Texas alone 283,000 voters from 1,012 precincts in the states were Hispanics covered by the 1965 Voting Rights Act which mandated that elections be conducted in a language aside from English in order for the minority would be able to exercise in their right to vote (1-2). Even more recently, the Democratic Party’s presidential candidate debate held in September 2003 was done both in English and Spanish (Lipski 30). While the evidence mentioned establishes Spanish as the second language of the United States, these proof that Spanish is flourishing in the country today has given a growing rise of concern among many Americans about its implications. Many have begun to fear that the proliferation of Spanish in the country would cause the nation to be divided and would even hinder the country from progressing (Hochmuth; Lipski 30). One significant issue currently faced by the country today that has been linked to the growth of the Spanish language in the country is the growing academic achievement gap between Hispanics and Caucasians. In a recent study made by Rumberger and Anguiano in 1998 in 120 kindergarten schools in California, they have attributed that the academic achievement gap is caused by two factors namely the socio-economic status of the family of the student and the English proficiency of the student (17). These two factors are interlinked with each other. Since Hispanic immigrants are not fluent or do not speak English efficiently, they are unable to find employment to be able to uplift their socio-economic status (Hochmuth; Lipski 34). Because of this, they are unable to provide their children the skills needed in order to be able to perform competently once they enter school. This is evident in the grade point averages that they receive in secondary schools and in their Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores as compared to students from other cultural backgrounds (Lavin-Loucks 3-5; Rumberger and Anguiano 4). This would eventually lead to long term consequences ranging from unemployment to dependency on welfare (Lavin-Loucks 7). In order to address the matter, some government organizations have began to lobby for fluency in the English language should be mandated. Dubbed as the â€Å"English Only† movement, its statutes may range from declaring English as the sanctioned language in the state to the exclusion of non-English assistance and services. Today, sixteen states have become â€Å"English Only† states. These states include Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Nebraska, North and South Carolina, North Dakota, Tennessee and Virginia. Supporters of this movement see this as the solution to address other concerns such as the academic achievement gap and the high number living in poverty (American Civil Liberties Union 2; Lipski 34). In order to educate immigrants to become fluent in English, they would facilitate the education through the use of English immersion programs. These programs would prohibit the use of any language except English. There are three methods that could be used for these programs. The first is the English as a Second Language (ESL) method which supplements the classes with additional lessons in English. ESL may focus on grammar and language structure or focus on the contents through communication. The second method is the sheltered immersion method where the English taught is dependent on the proficiency level of the student. The third model is called the â€Å"sink or swim† method. This involves were placed in regular classrooms regardless of their proficiency level. This third method was banned by the Supreme Court in 1974 (The Benefits of Bilingual Education). However, there are many who protest to the â€Å"English Only† movement. Coalitions such as the American Civil Liberties Union have noted that while there are some benefits to this movement, there are also a number of consequences which they view as bearing more weight compared to the benefits. For one, the â€Å"English Only† movement would void federal and state laws which require the government to provide services in languages apart from English, such as the 1965 Voting Rights Act (Jones 1) as well as services pertaining to everything from health and education to assistance to victims of crimes or accidents (2). It also leads to the abandonment of multicultural events. This movement would also lead to Spanish-language, and other foreign language, programs in television and radio stations to forfeit their licenses and would eventually go off the air. Furthermore, immigrants who are coerced English one way or another would experience some psychological woes. In an interview, Ronald Rodriguez (qtd. in Torres) found himself becoming aloof in his class where everyone, but him, spoke English as a youngster. When he eventually became fluent with the English language, he began to feel a sense of embarrassment in speaking Spanish and had a feeling that he had betrayed his family for speaking English. Moreover, this movement is contradictory to the Equal Protection Clause protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and would inhibit immigrants who are not proficient in English of certain rights such as the right to vote, education and to be free of discrimination (2-3). This would make the â€Å"English Only† policy as a racist policy (Schmidt 143). Opposing groups have proposed alternatives to the â€Å"English Only† policy. In order to solve national concerns such as the academic achievement gap and the growing poverty due to unemployment on the part of immigrants is through bilingual education (Huntington 30). Bilingual education was initially employed to level out unequal education (Arce 228). Bilingualism refers to an individual’s knowledge of two or more languages apart from his or her own native language and the ability to function in these languages according to the need (Meyer and Fienberg 2; Minami). These abilities include speaking, reading, writing, and understanding (Chiocca). There are three bilingual education models that are currently used in the country today. The first model is the Transitional model. This model accentuates English language development and academic learning using the native language of the students as the medium to instruct them. The second model is the Developmental model. This model is aimed to advance the fluency of the student both in writing, reading and speaking both in their native language and in English. The third model is the dual language program. This program teaches both English and the student’s native language alternately to the students in order to make them fluent in both English and the student’s native language (Lipski 29-30; The Benefits of Bilingual Education). In today’s society, all nations including the United States are geared towards globalization (Robinson). In line with this, more and more individuals view bilingual education and dual language programs to become popular (Lipski 29-30). Children who are enrolled in bilingual education programs in the country have been reported to succeed academically since their language and culture are incorporated in the curriculum of the program and in their daily interactions in the classrooms providing a firm language foundation (Arce 228; Wu and Ito). This environment allows the children enrolled in bilingual programs to foster a feeling of security (Konishi). Being proficient in more than one language also allows students the opportunity to continue their education in other countries (Fallows). Furthermore, bilingual education preserves the student’s sense of pride, making them able to blend in a dominant English speaking easily able to interact with his or her classmates at the same time protecting their sense of identity since language and culture are important to the identity of an individual (The Benefits of Bilingual Education). In line with this, bilingualism also allows Americans in order to understand the other cultures in the country. A few of the languages that Lipski had suggested for Americans to select as a second language to learn are Chinese, Japanese and Spanish (29). Bilingualism also has its benefits in the corporate world. Bilingual candidates, particularly those who are fluent in Spanish and English, have greater employment opportunities than those who can only speak one language (Chiocca). This is due to the growing Hispanic market in the country. As of 2000, the Hispanic community is reported to have a purchasing power of over $300 billion annually (Carreira 334). Thus, many business organizations in the United States prefer to hire individuals who are able to speak both Spanish and English. The need for bilingual employees is more imperative in industries that inquire vast amount of paperwork. Examples of these industries are car sales, insurance, mortgaging companies, and those who cater to foreign clients. In these industries, the transactions between the customer and the company are seen to have high risks. Bilingual employees minimize these risks by being able to communicate effectively with their clients. An employee who is able to speak the same language as the company’s customers would be able to make them feel more secure and important to the business (Jares; Shepherd). An example of this was when Continental Airlines began to service passengers to Latin America and began to hire bilingual stewards and stewardesses for these flights. Erica Roy, spokesperson of Continental Airlines stated that the company decided to hire bilingual stewards and stewardesses because the company’s clientele was improving in Latin America and the company wanted to make the customers feel comfortable (Jares). Despite the many benefits bilingual education may bring about to an individual, particularly to children, many researchers have found that it has its share of disadvantages. According to the studies of these researchers, children who enroll in bilingual education programs experience more hardships in terms of language proficiency as compared to those who grow up learning only one language. Bilingual children have been noted to exhibit vocabulary proficiency scores below normal in either of the two languages. Researchers attribute this to the fact that since they are learning two different languages, they are learning twice as many words within the same time span as that of a child who is only learning one language. Other researchers have also concluded that bilingual education can inhibit the cognitive development of the child which may result to retardation (Minami). Recent studies on the impact of bilingual education to the cognitive development of a child have shown results contrary to the initial findings made by researchers. In fact, studies have shown that children who are raised learning more than one language have a higher potential to become smarter than those who only learned one language. In a study done in Darthmouth College headed by Laura-Ann Petitto, a group of children whose ages were between 4 and 6 years old and spoke either French or English were compared against a group of bilingual children who were learning one spoken and one signed language. The cognitive capability of the participants of the study were compared using a commonly used research device to measure the thinking ability as well as the ability to allocate attention wherein the participants telling the researchers the color of the square appearing on a computer screen and its position on the screen. The results of the study showed that the bilingual children scoring better than those who only knew one language. The results of this study disproved previous studies that cognitive development is compromised in the case of bilingual children (McCoy). Another similar study at the University College in London supported the findings made by Petitto. They had concluded that because they were learning more than one language, the brains of bilingual children are more structurally enhanced as compared to those who can only speak one language (â€Å"Linguists Have Better Brains†). Petitto confirms this by explaining that the increased demands in processing two language systems also increased the computational analysis capabilities of the brains of bilingual children (McCoy). Bilingualism has also shown to cultivate classification skills, concept forming, reasoning through analogy, and a better control in linguistic processing (Chipongian). The latter was evident in a study done by Viberg where bilingual children and monolingual children were given a story which they then needed to relay, the versions given by bilingual children were more detailed than their monolingual counterparts (Minami). Furthermore, bilingual children have been noted to be more flexible mentally and able to conceptualize better. These analytical capabilities demonstrated by bilingual children as well as the recognition of uncertainties and sensitivity towards detail and structure have also been noted to surpass that of children their age who have learned only one language. They are able to focus their attention on important details without being sidetracked by information that have no bearing on the information or details that may be misleading (Chipongian). It is important to remember that currently, the findings on how bilingual education affects the cognitive development of an individual has been concentrated on children. Further research would yet have to be to determine if the same benefits would be exemplified by teenagers and adults who learn a second language.

Physics of Snowmachining :: physics snowmobile snowmachine

Whether zipping along a winding trail, flying through the open flats, or powering up a steep hill snowmachines and the rider need to use physics to stay in control of the machine and themselves. The main compenents are the track, engine, skis and riding. Snowmachine tracks are essential to making a snowmachine move. Ever since snowmachines first originated in the late 50's designers have been finding ways to improve traction in a variety of conditions. Some of these conditions are driving on groomed trails, not groomed trails, overflow, and deep snow. The very first snowmachines had tracks with very bad traction. But you must realize that they weren't driving in the same conditions snowmachines of today can handle. Old machines were limited to readily used trails and very little powder. The tracks used on the old machines looked like the one shown in the picture below. The traction, the little raised bits of rubber, was minimal and the tracks weren't very economical either. The first attempts at making a track was using steel, which was too heavy, and rubber, which was to flexible and brittle at cold temperatures. Eventually manufacturers found the key ingredients. Kevlar tracks with imbedded nylon strands to reinforce and improve strength. A kevlar track is now the standard in today's snowmachines. Another key ingredient to the track is the paddles. Paddles are the pieces coming off of the track itself, a picture these paddles is shown below. This is what provides the traction for the snowmachine to move. In today's market these paddles come in sizes ranging from 1 inch to 3 inches. The saying "bigger is better" does not hold true for these paddles though. When the paddles get to big the rotating mass actually bogs the machine down and reduces performance. Polaris Industries have found, through the use of physics and other tests, that the most efficient paddle length is 2.4 inches. This length gives the most grip in deep snow while still being semi-economical on trails. Snowmachine engines come in two types, two-stroke and four-stroke. Two stroke engines are simpler, lighter, and cheaper to manufacture then four-stroke engines, "plus two-stroke engines also have the potential to pack about twice the power into the same space because there are twice as many power strokes per revolution than in four-strokes". There are other advantages two-stroke engines have which include not having valves which lowers weight and eases construction.

Luna Pen Case Writeup

Report on Luna Pen case PA major 0420830 Lee Joo-Hyun Q1. If you were in Erika’s position, what steps might give you the best chance of achieving your goals? First of all, I think it’s rather dangerous to prepare negotiation plan solely based on stereotype of specific race/nationality. But still it’s foolish to ignore cultural difference. Since negotiation counterpart Feng is not from mainland China but from Taiwan, I believe there would be little or no disadvantage of Erika being female.But in case DGG is planning a bigger picture (for example, sharing distribution system of Global Service in Asia region) than just resolving trademark right issue, I think it is better to consider the fact Taiwanese regard Guan-Xi (relationship) as important aspect in terms of long term, friendly relationship. Therefore it would probably be a good idea to prepare a male represent with similar position to Erika along with her. Secondly Erika needs to gather more information about the counterpart; Feng and Global Service.After all, negotiation process is to find compromise or creative option between my constraint conditions/needs and their constraint conditions/needs. I’ll discuss about it more in following Question #2. Thirdly, Erika needs to build up negotiation plan. She need to determine what DGG intend to/should earn and how far DGG can back down. After defining goals & constraints (or setting Maginot Line), assuming the worst case scenario is also important step.In this case, the worst case possible could be something like this; â€Å"Feng & Global Service refuses to negotiate, pointing out that DGG abandoned and stop making product under the name of Luna. Thus DGG is left with no other choice but to file an uncertain lawsuit which would be both time consuming and costly. † To prevent this from happening, it would be unwise to start the first contact with firm stand like writing Feng that his company must cease its unauthorized use of he L una name, and that DGG is prepared to file lawsuit if necessary. Instead, I think it’s better to mention that DGG is aware of the fact that Luna pen is selling well under the marketing and distribution power of Feng and Global Service and DGG is more than willing to negotiate about the usage of Luna name. Q2. What further information might you need before contacting Feng; and how might you realistically obtain it? First of all, DGG need to figure out brand value (or brand power) of Luna by doing brief market research.By doing so, DGG can tell how much the brand power affected the total sale of Feng’s Luna pen and use it as a sharable standard in negotiation. I believe this data can be obtained rather simply. All DGG have to do is to run series of survey to group of customers, asking their willingness to pay for given pen with/without brand name Luna. Secondly, it would be a good idea to find potential buyers that are willing to buy the trademark Luna. The information o f potential buyers could later be used as a mean to pressure Feng and Global Service if necessary.Since selling Luna brand would not harm DGG, by contacting company in pen making business, DGG can obtain information of potential buyers while spreading news that DGG is trying to sell Luna name as well. And as a last resort, DGG should investigate the legal position of DGG in this case. (Especially in terms of Taiwanese court) If DGG files a lawsuit, what are the odd of winning the case, how long will it take, and how much is the estimated cost of lawsuit?The answers to these questions are key factors to decide whether to file a lawsuit or not. If odds are against DGG, it will be more reasonable to approach this negotiation in more cooperative, soft stand. On the other hand, if the odds are in favor of DGG, DGG can use lawsuit both as leverage to pressure Feng and last resort to settle this matter. Such data can be obtained via corporate legal department.

Children should be required to help with household tasks Essay

?It is ture that only good students gain a higher education has its merits. They have the strong abilitiy to study new things and they have more passtive to explore something unsure. It is not only conductive to themselves, but also contributing a lot to society. However, no matter how outstanding they are, every citizens should be treated equally. Moreover, commonplace people also use their talent to make it better. Therefore, as far as I am concerned, a college or university education should be available to all students. For one thing, all people have their own right to deside whether attend to a college or university and all people also should be treat equally whatever they are good or common. That is a basic rules that everyone should respect for others. If a college or university only choose the people who are amazing, that will hurt others who also desire to attend this school. It will lead to a adverse impact on them, even they are never stimulated by studying due to their odinary gift. In addtion, it is not a truth that good people are always good. Some students might be not aware of their talent and they even do not know what field they want to engage or study before they go to a college or university. Once they attend there, they would find their own route, which fit them and they want to pursue. In this process, a host of people will gain their real dream, and in order to fulfill it, they will become diligent and ambitious. That is why many famous people have not high IQ or special capacity but still seccessful in the future. I think that they could be enlightened by higher education. Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others think that higher education should be available only to good students. Maybe both parties have their weights, however, I agree that all students should have the opportunity to receive higher education. To begin with, everyone has the right to receive a better education. It is very important for all the students get higher education. College education improves the quality of people and is a necessary preparation for the later social life. People learn not only knowledge and skills but also interpersonal methods and experience. An higher education experience is of great help in finding a good job and living a good life. Moreover, it is not certain that good students in high school will be still â€Å"good† in further education. Many people claim that it is most effective to give Good students higher education. Nonetheless, there is not promise that every good student going to a college will graduate successfully. Jack, one of my university classmates is a good example. He rolled in the university with a very high score. However, he often was absent in class and indulged himself in drinking. Subsequently, failing to pass many exams, he had to drop out. In this case, a university education is not benefit to Jack. However, many students who were not that good in high school can do well in their college. Many of them have the ability and potentiality to study well, but they did not realize the importance of education when they were in high school. After entering a college, they learn by heart, and become good college students. If they are derived the right to higher education, it will be a big loss to them and the society. To conclude, higher education plays an important role in one’s life. All students have the right to study in a college or university, that is, higher education should be available to all the students, including both good students and bad students. People learn through their entire lives. They constantly improve their knowledge and gain new experience. I think that a college or university education should be available to all students because every person has the right to choose the way to self-perfection. Below I will give some reasons to support my position. First of all, every person should have the chance to get a higher degree, gain new knowledge and experience. However, some people believe that higher education should be available only to good students. I think it is silly. It is like to make unavailable travelling for one who does not have IQ high enough. Secondly, some young people do not do well at school but they have great personality and ability to learn. They are self-confident, persistent and patient. With these qualities they can get higher grades than their classmates who are talented but lazy. Imagine for example situation when a teenager gets high grades because his or her parents constantly make him or her study and help to do most of the homework. In this case a child is good at school but I think a college can show the opposite results. Finally, it is a discrimination against students to make available higher education only for good ones. So, if a student does poor and gets low grades he or she should be sent down. But if a person has never been given a chance to try himself or herself at college what one can do in this case? To sum up, I think that all young people should have the chance to get a higher education. To take or not this chance must be up to them.

The use and importance of official crime statistics Research Paper Example

The use and importance of official crime statistics Research Paper Example The use and importance of official crime statistics Paper The use and importance of official crime statistics Paper This paper will consider which activities are officially counted as crime and feature in the official crime statistics, opening with a view as to why some activities do, whilst others, quite clearly and equally criminal, do not figure amongst these official statistics. This approach acknowledges that not all crimes, for whatever reasons, are reported to or acted upon by the police. We will consider serious and dangerous activities that some may deem equally criminal but which never find their way into the official statistics as a result of what Steven Box identifies as ideological mystification. Having examined this paradoxical situation, we will consider the futility of using crime statistics in the tracking of crimes, and in the implementation of measures against them. Before addressing this question, it would be helpful to be aware of what official criminal statistics represent in reality, and what they can actually tell us. Given this understanding, it seems that we can never be completely sure that the data, which represent certain activities as crime, fully reflects the true extent to which crime is being committed. There are many variables that need to be taken account of, such as the number of pursuits legally counted as crimes that are actually being reported to, and recorded by, the police. The most important issue here is the requirement for consistency in recording; yet the discretion that we know to be open to, and exercised by, the police affords them the freedom to manipulate the records in order to suit some hidden agenda or ulterior motive (e. g. he need for the police to meet Key Performance Indicators; or attempts to show crime as being higher or lower than the figures would in actual fact suggest), thus allowing the statistics to be constructed in such a way as to mislead and misinform politicians and the general public about the level of crime in our society. Therefore, if we do not have a clear picture from true and accurate statistics, it would appear to be futile to rely on these for the purposes of tracking crime or, indeed, in applying the measures taken against it. The dark figure of crime (unrecorded crimes) is not represented within the official criminal statistics. These unrecorded crimes can include anything from the pilfering of property in the workplace, to vandalism and the violent abuse of women and children within the home, (Muncie, J. 1998). These are crimes more usually picked up in self-reports or victimisation studies conducted by the British Crime Study (BCS) and which can be said to illustrate something of the disparity existent between the official statistics and peoples life experience of crimes. In 1982 and 1984, the BCS suggested that only about half of known crime is reported to the police. Since this is the case, and given the fact that very little is known about the bulk of criminal activity in Britain, the official crime statistics are far from representative of the reality of crime in Britain and so are of very little use in informing policy measures taken against it; although it could be argued that they may be of some use to certain politicians wishing to embark upon a law and order campaign. It could also be argued that these statistics may be used to point the finger at certain sections of the populace for purely political reasons. Steven Box (1981), poses the powerful argument, for example, that criminal laws are little more than ideological constructions representing the interests of an influential ruling elite. Box argues that laws tend to focus on those victimizing behaviours that are considered more serious and given greater prominence in the public perception, as constituting the most serious of social problems and deserving of no less serious responses. Crimes such as murder, rape, robbery and burglary are clearly reflected within the official crime statistics as perpetrated by predominantly young men of low socio-economic status. Amongst these, the uneducated, unemployed and ethnic minorities are over-represented and form the bulk of the prison population. This apparently tells us that particular sections of the populace are the most likely perpetrators of crime and criminal activity within society. However, statistics such as these do not tell us that, as Box indicates, far more serious crimes and criminality occur on a regular basis yet go unnoticed. A large number of these offences are crimes committed by the rich and powerful, which are carried out on the relatively powerless; real people who suffer avoidable death and serious injury for want of the proper implementation of current health and safety regulations at work and elsewhere. Criminal law also excludes from protection consumers who have been sold faulty products through the malpractices of manufacturers, or shareholders that incur losses resulting from the deliberate mismanagement of a company by its directors or senior management. (Box, 1981). Thus, the official criminal statistics would appear actually to hide the crimes of the more powerful, wealthy and privileged individuals within society whilst simultaneously serving to overemphasize and overstate those criminal activities of the weak. This effectively distorts and renders unreliable the official picture of crime as portrayed by the state. In relation to our question, it would appear then that the official crime statistics are far from representative of the true extent and reality of crime in our society, and although the vast majority of people wish to be protected from the very real crimes featured in the official statistics, they are notoriously unreliable indicators of the incidence of crime or, indeed, of the types of crime being committed in contemporary Britain. Therefore, the remainder of the question seems to be a fruitless pursuit unless we wish to advocate various conspiracy theories and speak in terms of the official crime statistics serving purposes such as controlling targeted sections of the populace by tracking their particular activities and informing the measures taken in combating these, whilst simultaneously serving to cover up the crimes of the rich and powerful elite and distract attention from their activities. In point of fact, that line of argument would result in the assertion that the official crime statistics actually serve to help maintain this particular, current, status quo.