Role and Importance of Children in the Middle Ages

Of all the misconceptions about the Middle Ages, some of the most difficult to overcome involve life for medieval children and their place in society. It is a popular notion that there was no recognition of childhood in medieval society and children were treated like miniature adults as soon as they could walk and talk. However, scholarship on the topic by medievalists provides a different account of children in the Middle Ages. Of course, it is not correct to assume that medieval attitudes were identical or even similar to modern ones. But, it can be argued that childhood was recognized as a phase of life, and one that had value, at that time. Concept of Childhood One of the most frequently mentioned arguments for the non-existence of childhood in the Middle Ages is that representative of children in medieval artwork depicts them in adult clothing. If they wore grown-up clothes, the theory goes, they must have been expected to behave like grown-ups. However, while there certainly isnt a great deal of medieval artwork that depicted children other than the Christ Child, the examples that survive do not universally display them in adult garb. Additionally, medieval laws existed to protect the rights of orphans. For example, in medieval London, laws were careful to place an orphaned child with someone who could not benefit from his or her death. Also, medieval medicine approached the treatment of children separately from adults. In general, children were recognized as vulnerable, and in need of special protection. Concept of Adolescence   The idea that adolescence was not recognized as a category of development separate from both childhood and adulthood is a more subtle distinction. The primary evidence concerning this outlook is the lack of any term for the modern-day word adolescence. If they didnt have a word for it, they didnt comprehend it as a stage in life. This argument also leaves something to be desired, especially as medieval people did not use the terms feudalism or courtly love though those practices definitely existed at the time. Inheritance laws set the age of majority at 21, expecting a certain level of maturity before entrusting a young individual with financial responsibility.   Importance of Children There is a general perception that, in the Middle Ages, children were not valued by their families or by society as a whole. Perhaps no time in history has sentimentalized infants,  toddlers, and waifs as has modern culture, but it doesnt necessarily follow that children were undervalued in earlier times. In part, a lack of representation in medieval popular culture is responsible for this perception. Contemporary chronicles and biographies that include childhood details are few and far between. Literature of the times rarely touched on the heros tender years, and medieval artwork offering visual clues about children other than the Christ Child is almost nonexistent. This lack of representation in and of itself has led some observers to conclude that children were of limited interest, and therefore of limited importance, to medieval society at large. On the other hand, it is important to remember that medieval society was primarily an agrarian one. And the family unit made the agrarian economy work. From an economic standpoint, nothing was more valuable to a peasant family than sons to help with the plowing and daughters to help with the household. To have children were, essentially, one of the primary reason to marry.   Among the nobility, children would perpetuate the family name and increase the familys holdings through advancement in service to their liege lords and through advantageous marriages. Some of these unions were planned while the bride and groom-to-be were still in the cradle. In the face of these  facts,  it is difficult to argue that people of the Middle Ages were any less aware that children were their future then people are aware today that children are the future of the modern world.   Question of Affection Few aspects of life in the  Middle Ages  can be more difficult to determine than the nature and depth of the emotional attachments made among family members. It is perhaps natural for us to assume that in a society that placed a high value on its younger members, most parents loved their children. Biology alone would suggest a bond between a child and the mother who nursed him or her. And yet, it has been theorized that affection was largely lacking in the medieval household. Some of the reasons that have been put forward to support this notion include rampant infanticide, high infant mortality, the use of child labor and extreme discipline.   Further Reading If you are interested in the topic of childhood in medieval times,  Growing Up in Medieval London: The Experience of Childhood in History  by Barbara A. Hanawalt,  Medieval Children  by Nicholas Orme, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages by Joseph Gies and Frances Gies and The Ties that Bound by Barbara Hanawalt may be good reads for you.

Buddhism and Christianity Two Emerging Religions - 909 Words

Due to the emergence of universal religions, a new idea known as syncretism started to emerge. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the idea of syncretism as â€Å"the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought.† (Merriam-Webster) However, in historical term, syncretism is defined as the accepted idea that was believed to enhance people’s willingness to adapt or adopt to a certain religion because of the appealing ideas. During the first millennium C.E, two universal religions, Buddhism and Christianity, primarily spread through the idea of syncretism, although, a secondary factor contributed to the spread of these religions, which were political rulers and religious representatives such as†¦show more content†¦Dropping out of society seemed to clash with filial piety, however, as time passed nomadic leaders started to appeal to Buddhism. For instance, â€Å" As Buddhism traveled, it merged with many non- Buddhist ideas that made the new faith more appealing to China. Regional heroes, mythical characters, and local deities became bodhisattvas, allowing people to continue worshipping the same spirits while adding another dimension to their power.† (Johnson 56) The number of monks started to grow in China and stimulated contact with India and many wanted to acquire Buddhist scriptures. Due to the impact of syncretism, Buddhism was able to have a strong impact in China resulting in many converts and new leaders to spread Buddhism to other countries. However, another religion that was also in its first phases known, as Christianity was a successful universal religion as a result of syncretism. Christianity, a religion known to have established most of the teachings by Jesus spread through the idea of syncretism and the expanding of the church. At the beginning of the millennium, the church had no clergy before, but an organization was developed where there would be a certain numbe r of bishops and clergy including the pope. As a result the diocese formed which was the smallest governing body. After this formation, Christianity started to spread in part of the Church recruiting gifted people who served in the Roman government.Show MoreRelatedInfluence Of Religion On International Trade Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pageseconomy is changing drastically and as a result trade between countries is emerging. International business is constantly growing. Culture has proven to have a huge influence on trade. Religion can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred. Religion is a system that guides people’s behaviors and influence them in the way they interact with other people and the world. 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Business Law Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Law for Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics. Answer: This essay discusses about the implied term in a contract. For the explanation of this term different cases are discussed for better understanding about the implied terms in a contract. Sydney City Council V West (1965): In this case, West had parked his car in a parking council and entered into a contract by get a proper parking ticket from this council. On the back of this ticket it was stated that the parking council will not be liable for any damages and losses related to car. In this ticket, it is also stated that before taking delivery of the car this ticket must be presented. A thief get Wests car by bluffing the employee of car parking by showing a duplicate ticket. Therefore, West sued on that parking council and claimed for return a car or its value in court. In the above case, contract made between a car parking council and West is legally enforceable by law and included implied terms. In this kind of contract, written format of contract is not necessary to make contract enforceable between parties.[1] According to Australian contract law, in a contract implied, terms may be of two types like implied in fact contracts and implied in law contracts. The implied in fact contracts are based on facts of a circumstance and in implied in law contracts one party has the right of compensation for the services provided from other party even if both parties have not any consideration at the time of contract made.[2] If in a contract, any implied term is available than the guarantee is automatically provided by law and the plaintiff may claim for compensation in court from defendant. As same in case of Astley V Austrust Limited (2000), Astley is as senior partner of Solicitor firm and working for Austrust as a legal advisor.[3] Astley was negligent for the legal provision of this trust. Austrust decided to start a new business venture as a trustee. He compromised and become trustee of this business venture and Astley become a retainer to examine the deed of trust. After some time this trust become failed and wounded up with extensive liabilities and trusts assets value. Austrust sued for breach of contract against retainer and claimed in court for relevant losses. In this case, the duty to take care of trust is an implied term for retainers. But court concluded that in this case implied terms are included but here both parties are in negligence and the case was dismissed by law. In case of Sydney City Council V West, it is the liability of car parking council to provide security to its customers car and known as an implied term in a contract. Therefore, West can sue for claim in court and the car parking council is legally bounded to pay the cost of car. Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971): In this case, Thornton as a plaintiff entered into a contract with Shoe Lane Parking Ltd and received a parking ticket from machine. The terms and conditions related to these services are contained on a notice board which was placed near machine. The customers who use the services and take a ticket are bounded by these terms. According to these terms the owner of the car is responsible for any damage related to car. The offer provided by Lane parking was accepted by Thornton and ticket bought from this electronic machine. The words printed on ticket cannot be altered because the contract was already made when ticket bought by Thornton. The plaintiff suffered from personal injury due to fault of defendant. But the defendant deprived that it is not his liability according to displayed clause on notice board near machine. According to law, the implied term in a contract will be voidable if the facts are not reasonable and equitable from both parties.[4] An implied contract will be enforceable by low if the parties are capable to express the terms of the contract. The theory of this law is that No customer in a thousand ever read the conditions. If he had stopped to do so, he would have missed the train or the boat. As well as, in case of Codelfa Construction Ltd V State Rail Authority of NSW (1982), the railway authority gave a tender to Codelfa of tunnel excavate for railway line.[5] The contract was provided to complete all works in 130 weeks. In this contract, Codelfa commenced to work in three shifts in a day and in seven days of a week. Due to vibrant and noisy work local residents and council injected work. Therefore, the work of Codelfa was reduced by this granted injunction and the company started six day working in two shifts of a day. In contract it was a common assumption that the work will not be issue of injunction. So, Codelfa claimed for additional amount from Railway authority for the recovery of lost profits and additional costs which is not being able to work seven days in a week. The court observed that there was not an implied terms in the contract because in an implied contract it is necessary to give efficacy for a valid implied term in contract.[6] In this contract, there was an implied term if the work was restricted by injunction of Railway authority. The contract between these parties is made in written form and accepted by the plaintiff the offer of defendant. In this case, the majority is considered as frustration and the injunction from regional authorities was fundamentally different therefore the sued by Codelfa was voidable by court. From the above discussion it can be analyzed that in case of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, Thornton would not be able to successfully sue for the claim of damages of his car. Because the contract made between Thornton and Shoe Lane parking have not included any clear expression which was reasonable and equitable for both parties. Moreover, the offer was at the notice board at entrance and accepted by Thornton when he entered with a proper ticket to move this car for parking. In this case, there is no any implied term therefore the appeal of Thornton is dismissed by court. Similarities and Differences Between Both Cases: From the above discussion it is analyzed that there are some similarities and differences between both cases. In case of Sydney car parking council and west, the offer was accepted by plaintiff with proper written mutual obligation and competency as well as in case of Thornton and Shoe Lane Parking Ltd. The contract was made in written form with appropriate consideration between both parties in these cases. In these cases both Parking stations was also not liable for any damage of car. On the other hand, differences between these cases are that in case of Sydney Car Council Parking V West, the terms and conditions related to security generated at the time of ticket issued and accepted by West. But in case Of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd all the terms and conditions are displayed on random pillars. Thornton accepts these conditions before he brought ticket for parking. According to law, when the offer is accepted after then new conditions cannot be included in the contract.[7] The refore, in this case the contract not includes any implied terms because the conditions are brought after the offer accepted by Thornton which are not part of the contract. But in case of Sydney City Car Parking V West, all the terms and conditions are brought at the time of ticket issued. Therefore, in this case contract includes some implied terms and the Car Parking Council is liable for any damage of car. In this case, West has the authority to get claim of his lost car from car council but in case of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd Thornton accepts the all term and conditions before ticket issued by machine and the terms printed on back of the ticket are not part of contract. Therefore, legally Thornton cannot get any claim from Car parking station or Shoe Lane Parking Ltd is not liable for the damage of car. Conclusion: From the above discussion it can be concluded that consumer guarantees will automatically apply of any extended warranty by the service provider. According to Australian consumer law the service provider to consumers must comply for consumer guarantees. If the service provider fails to comply of guarantee in relation to a description applied on the service on behalf of service provider or implied consent of the service provider than the service provider will be liable to indemnify the loss of the customer. In the case of Sydney City Council V West, the council was the service provider and liable for any damage of consumers car because according to Australian consumer law, it was the liability of service provider to provide better services to its customers with security. But in case of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, the service provider was not liable for any damage because the customer accepted all conditions before getting service from the service provider. References: Backer, Rechard, Implied Terms in English Contract Law (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011). Spark, Gareth,Vitiation of Contracts (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Robert, Mac, MacRoberts on Scottish Construction Contracts (John Wiley Sons, 2014). Linas, Fabien, Trade Usages and Implied Terms in the Age of Arbitration (Oxford University Press, 2016). James, Spigelman, "Contractual Interpretation: A Comparative Perspective (2011) 85(5)."Australian Law Journal 412. Dimatteo, Larry, et al, Commercial Contract Law: Transatlantic Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Townsend, Ruth and Luck, Morgan, Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics: Australia and New Zealand (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012).

Winter Days free essay sample

The 2 steps of teaching a 3 year old how to ski is teach them Pizza and French Fries. Then it moves to the turning by moving the knees. My winter days consist of watching kids go down a mountain. It makes my day happy and unforgettable because I’m with co-workers and supervisors that are my friends that act like my family. The best thing about my job is the kids, just seeing and watching their faces turn from scared to having fun makes my day. During school I have to deal with the drama of my classmates, but when I’m in the work area I toss those thoughts aside and focus on my talents. The people at my workplace all have different identities, but we all have something in common. We all love what we do. We have regular lessons, children lessons, or snowboard lessons. I, of course, work with children because I love how they show smiles and their laughter to you when they are having fun. We will write a custom essay sample on Winter Days or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People say that I work well with kids because I have a personality that is just like a kid: playful, excitement, and imaginative. My supervisor always picks me to do the lesson because as a person he knows that I am more entertaining and fun than all the other instructors. Even though the job is fun, it does get tiring after a while, but it’s worth it in the end. It was good to apple for this job because you have somewhat of an advantage with dealing and also teaching yourself how to handle kids from different ages. It makes it worth it to have this job because you can have more experience when you are older by having an early advantage. But there are also some difficult cases where a child is scared or doesnt listen. Sometimes it is hard and scary for 3 or 6 year olds to ski. Especially when they are fragile and can break their bonesOne day there was this girl who was about 4 years old and she hasnt been on skis before. My supervisor called me over since the little girl wanted a girl instructor. I got down to her level as I knew she was somewhat shy because she wouldnt look at me in the eye for a while. She was scared because she thought that we would just let her go and get hurt but I wouldnt let that happen. I know how to deal because I’m used to these kinds of kids. The girl was still scared but she got easier to work with from time to time. You just have to go slow with it and not rush. One of the weekends we were teaching, I was with a group of five children. The kids all knew how to ski on Big Magic, which is what we call â€Å"the 2nd level†. We were done with the lesson when my supervisor called for me to come to lineup on the radio. I got all the parents to their children as I made my way to lineup. I came up to my supervisor and he spoke, â€Å"Emily, these people said they had you two years ago when you taught their son† I remembered the faces and I still know the son’s name. I was amazed that they remembered me even though they hadn’t been to the mountain for two years. Teaching kids how to ski is a talent my family members have inside of us. My sister and brother had this job also but they were different instructors. This kind of talent is something that will make me more intelligent and more responsible in the future. With this kind of experience that I had for at least three going on four years, I believe that I am capable of having the challenge for taking care of kids in the future. I always put on a smile whenever I’m teaching kids and when I’m talking to customers that are having trouble finding their way. I am helpful to anyone who is in need of help.